ABSTRACT
Background: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a widespread, fatal illness in cattle that has a large economic impact in particularly disease-prone hosts. BCoV does not have an effective vaccine. As a result, the objective of this study was to use immunoinformatics and computational tools to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Spike and haemagglutinin proteins of Bovine coronavirus. BCoV proteins were also subjected to protein analysis.Methods: A variety of tools of bioinformatics were used for data analysis. Conserved B and T cell epitopes against BCoV target proteins were predicted using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Proteins were characterized utilizing a variety of servers, including Protparam, PSIPRED and the GOR IV servers. The antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity of the anticipated epitopes were assessed as well. Results: Several MHCI epitopes were predicted from S and HE proteins. As top epitopes, the peptides 77NMALKGTLL85 and 56SYMDLNPAL65 were proposed from Spike and hemagglutinin proteins, respectively. These epitopes exhibited high scores of antigenicity, no allergenicity, no toxicity, and a strong connection to Bola alleles.Moreover, three epitopes (1204YYYPE1208, 379TCQPQ384, and 720QLQPINY726) from Spike glycoprotein were selected as surface, linear, and antigenic epitopes using B cell scales. The methods dropped to anticipate effective and safe epitope (s) to cover all B cell scales from HE protein. Conclusion: Three B cell epitopes (1204YYYPE1208, 379TCQPQ384, and 720QLQPINY726) were predicted from Spike protein (S) of BCoV only. MHC I epitopes of S and HE proteins of BCoV (77NMALKGTLL85 and 56SYMDLNPAL65) were shown to have a strong link to Bola alleles, as well as high antigenicity and safety. The predicted epitopes' activity should be tested experimentally as a multi-epitope vaccine against BCoV using in vitro and in vivo trials.
ABSTRACT
Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens and produces economic loss within the poultry industry. This disease is caused by a single stranded RNA virus belonging to Cronaviridae family. This study aimed to design a potential multi-epitopes vaccine against Infectious bronchitis virus spike protein (S). Protein characterization was also performed for IBV spike protein. Methods: The present study used various tools in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to predict conserved B and T cell epitopes against IBV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in provoking the resistance response to IBV infection. Results: : In B cell prediction methods, three epitopes ( 1139 KKSSYY 1144 , 1140 KSSYYT 1145 , 1141 SSYYT 1145 ) were selected as surface, linear and antigenic epitopes. Many MHCI and MHCII epitopes were predicted for IBV S protein. Among them 982 YYITARDMY 990 and 983 YITARDMYM 991 epitopes displayed high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity as well as great linkage with MHCI and MHCII alleles. Moreover, docking analysis of MHCI epitope produced strong binding affinity with BF 2 alleles. Conclusion: Five conserved epitopes were expected from spike glycoprotein of IBV as the best B and T cell epitopes due to high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity. In addition, MHC epitopes showed great linkage with MHC alleles as well as strong interaction with BF2 alleles. These epitopes should be designed and incorporated and then tested as multi-epitope vaccine against IBV.
Subject(s)
BronchitisABSTRACT
Background Recently the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has generated a significant need on identifying drugs or vaccines to prevent or reduce clinical infection of Coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, immuno-informatics tools were utilized to design a potential multi-epitopes vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 spike S protein. Structural analysis for SARS-CoV-2 spike S protein was also conducted.Method: SARS-CoV-2 spike S protein sequences were retrieved from the GeneBank of National Central Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) tools were used to predict B and T cell epitopes, to evaluate their allergenicity, toxicity and cross- reactivity and to calculate population coverage. Protparm sever was applied to determine protein characterization of spike protein and predicted epitopes. Molecular docking for the proposed MHCI epitopes were also achieved against Tall like Receptor (TLR8) receptors and HLA-B7 allele.Result Immuno-informatics analysis of S protein using IEDB identified only one B cell epitope 1054QSAPH1058 as linear, surface and antigenic. Although 1054QSAPH1058 was estimated as non-allergic and non-toxic, it showed protein instability. Moreover, around 45 discontinuous epitopes were also recognized as different exposed surface area. In MHCI methods, six conserved stable and safe epitopes (898FAMQMAYRF906, 258WTAGAAAYY266 and 2FVFLVLLPL10, 202 KIYSKHTPI210, 712IAIPTNFTI720 and 1060VVFLHVTYV1068) were identified. These epitopes showed strong interaction when docked with TLR8 and HLA-B7 allele especially 1060VVFLHVTYV1068 and 2FVFLVLLPL10 epitopes. Three epitopes were also predicted (898FAMQMAYRF906, 888FGAGAALQI896 and 342FNATRFASV350) using MHCII methods. Furthermore, the potential multi-epitopes were acquired by assessing allergenicity, toxicity and cross-reactivity to prevent autoimmunity.Conclusion The multi-epitopes vaccine was predicted based on Bioinformatics tools that may provide reliable results in a shorter time and at a lower cost. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required to validate their effectiveness.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , COVID-19 , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse ReactionsABSTRACT
Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens and produces economic loss within the poultry industry. It is caused by a single stranded RNA virus belonging to Cronaviridae family.MethodsThe present study used various tools in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to predict conserved B and T cell epitopes against IBV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in provoking the resistance response to IBV infection. Structural analysis, homology modelling and molecular docking were also achieved.ResultsIn B cell prediction methods, three epitopes ( 1139 KKSSYY 1144 , 1140 KSSYYT 1145 , 1141 SSYYT 1145 ) were selected as surface, linear and antigenic epitopes based on the length and antigenicity score. Many MHCI and MHCII epitopes were predicted for IBV S protein. Among them 982 YYITARDMY 990 and 983 YITARDMYM 991 epitopes displayed high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity as well as great linkage with MHCI and MHCII alleles. Moreover, docking analysis of MHCI epitope produced strong binding affinity with BF 2 alleles. Conclusion: Five conserved epitopes were expected from spike glycoprotein of IBV as the top B cell and T cell epitopes due to high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity. In addition, MHC epitopes showed great linkage with MHC alleles as well as strong interaction with BF2 alleles. These epitopes should be designed and incorporated and then tested as multi-epitope vaccine against IBV.